美国301关税，这些光伏产品被豁免
2024年9月13日，美国贸易代表办公室USTR公布了对华301条款调查中的关税相关细则，其中，对中国太阳能电池加征50%的关税，于9月27日生效；同时，半导体产品类别新增光伏用多晶硅和硅片两个类别，并于2025年1月起将中国半导体的进口关税提高到50%。
尽管此举被认为是美国对中国光伏制造业的进一步打压，但《全球光伏》细读调查报告后发现，新的301条款扩大了机械排除程序的范围，修改了太阳能制造设备拟议除外责任的覆盖范围，明确列出14类中国制造光伏设备排除在301条款之外。
这14类光伏设备包括多晶硅锭拉晶、切片、切割、粘接、导辊、冷却液回收、蚀刻、扩散炉、化学沉积和等离子处理、物理沉积、丝网印刷、烧结、传送等，覆盖光伏硅锭、硅片和电池制造产线。
《全球光伏》分析，新发布的301条款之所以将上述光伏制造设备排除关税，其根本原因是美国本土几乎没有硅锭、硅片和电池制造产能，其原本领先的光伏制造设备能力也已随着中国光伏制造的绝对优势而消失殆尽。为了实现美国光伏本土制造，美国急需从中国进口最新光伏产品所需要的配套设备，除了中国，几乎没有替代。
根据《全球光伏》的调研，目前中国光伏设备制造商的北美订单已在排队，尽管全球产能面临过剩，尽管美国已对中国光伏电池和组件Say No，但却给中国光伏设备出口创造了另一历史机遇。
附：14类光伏设备清单：
1.Silicon growth furnaces, including Czochralski crystal growth furnaces, designed for growing monocrystalline silicon ingots (boules) of a mass exceeding 700 kg, for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
多晶硅长晶炉，包括设计生长超过700kg/根硅棒的CZ法单晶生长炉，用于光伏硅片制造（如统计报告8486.10.0000所述）
2.Band saws designed for cutting or slicing cylindrical monocrystalline silicon ingots (boules) of an initial mass exceeding 400 kg into square or rectangular ingots (boules), for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
用于初始质量超过400公斤的（锭）圆柱形单晶硅锭切割或切片的带锯，成方形或矩形锭（晶锭），用于太阳能晶片制造（在统计报告中描述编号8486.10.0000）。
3.Machines designed to align and adhere square or rectangular monocrystalline silicon ingots (boules) of an initial mass exceeding 200 kg to plastic support boards on metal mounting plates to provide support during diamond wire sawing, for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
用于将初始质量超过200kg的方形或矩形单晶硅锭（块）对齐和粘接到金属安装板上的塑料支撑板，在金刚石线锯切过程中提供支撑，用于太阳能晶片制造（在统计报告号8486.10.0000中描述）
4.Diamond wire saws designed for cutting or slicing square or rectangular monocrystalline silicon ingots (boules) of an initial mass exceeding 400 kg into solar wafers of a thickness not exceeding 200 micrometers (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
设计用于将初始质量超过400kg的单晶硅锭（晶锭）切割或切片成厚度不超过200微米的方形或矩形光伏硅片的金刚石线锯（在统计中描述报告编号8486.10.0000）
5.Wire guide roller machines, presented with diamond wire saws designed for slicing square or rectangular monocrystalline silicon ingots (boules) of an initial mass exceeding 400 kg into solar wafers of a thickness not exceeding 200 micrometers, all of the foregoing for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
导线辊筒设备，设计用于将初始质量超过400kg的单晶硅锭（晶锭）切割或切片成厚度不超过200微米的方形或矩形光伏硅片的金刚石线锯（在统计中描述报告编号8486.10.0000）
6.Coolant fluid recycling machines, presented with diamond wire saws designed for slicing square or rectangular monocrystalline silicon ingots (boules) of an initial mass exceeding 400 kg into solar wafers of a thickness not exceeding 200 micrometers, all of the foregoing for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
冷却液回收机，用于金刚石线锯，该线锯专为切割初始质量超过400公斤的太阳能方形或矩形单晶硅锭（晶锭），切成厚度不超过200微米的太阳能硅片（如统计报告编号8486.10.0000）。
7.Degumming machines designed to remove adhesives from solar wafers (described in statistical reporting number 8486.10.0000).
用于去除太阳能硅片上的粘合剂的脱胶机（统计报告编号8486.10.0000所述）
8.Texturing, etching, polishing, and cleaning machines designed to prepare, repair, clean, etch, polish or texture the solar wafer substrate, whether or not integrated with automation equipment for transferring solar wafers from one process station to the next, all the foregoing for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.20.0000).
纹理、蚀刻、抛光和清洁机器，旨在准备、修复、清洁、蚀刻、抛光或纹理化光伏硅片基板，无论是否与将光伏硅片从上一工序转移到下一工序的自动化设备集成，所有上述用于太阳能硅片制造（在统计报告编号8486.20.0000中描述）。
9.Thermal diffusion quartz-tube furnaces, designed to diffuse dopant impurities into square or rectangular silicon wafers, whether or not integrated with automation equipment for transferring solar wafers from one process station to the next or boat loading or unloading machines, all the foregoing for use in solar cell manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.20.0000).
热扩散石英管炉，旨在将掺杂剂杂质扩散到方形或矩形硅片，无论是否与光伏硅片自动化传输线集成，以及电池上片机和下片机等太阳能硅片制造的其它设备（详见统计报告编号8486.20.0000）。
10.Plasma-enhanced or low-pressure chemical vapor deposition machines designed to deposit amorphous or nanocrystalline layers on one or both surfaces of a solar wafer, whether or not integrated with automation equipment for transferring solar wafers from one process station to the next, all the foregoing for use in solar cell manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.20.0000).
等离子增强或低压化学气相沉积机，设计用于在太阳能硅片的一个或两个表面上沉积非晶或纳米晶层，无论是否与用于传输硅片的自动化设备集成，所有上述用于太阳能电池片制造业（如统计报告编号8486.20.0000所述）。
11.Physical vapor deposition (PVD) machines, designed to deposit a thin film of transparent conducting oxide on one or both surfaces of a solar wafer, whether or not integrated with automation equipment for transferring solar wafers from one process station to the next, all the foregoing for use in solar cell manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.20.0000).
物理气相沉积（PVD）机器，旨在光伏硅片的一个或两个表面上沉积薄膜的透明导电氧化物，无论是否与硅片上下片自动化设备集成，上述所有材料用于太阳能电池制造（详见统计报告编号8486.20.0000）。
12.Screen printing line machines, including sintering furnaces for printing conducting contacts on both surfaces of a solar wafer, whether or not integrated with automation equipment for transferring solar wafers from one process station to the next, and whether or not integrated with equipment for solar cell testing, all the foregoing for use in solar cell manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.20.0000).
丝网印刷机，包括用于在硅片两个表面上印刷导电触点的烧结炉，，无论是否与硅片上下片自动化设备集成，以及无论是否与太阳能电池测试设备集成，上述所有内容均适用于太阳能电池制造中（在统计报告编号8486.20.0000中描述).
13.Machines designed for transporting polysilicon material to growth furnaces and machines designed for transporting monocrystalline ingots (boules) and wafers throughout the solar wafer manufacturing process, including machines for loading or unloading solar wafers during the diamond wire slicing process (described in statistical reporting number 8486.40.0030).
用于将多晶硅材料输送到生长炉的机器，用于运输单晶锭（晶锭）和硅片的机器，在整个光伏硅片制造过程中，包括在金刚石线切割过程中的上片机和下片机（如统计报告编号8486.40.0030所述）。
14.Machines designed for lifting, handling, loading, or unloading of solar wafers of a thickness not exceeding 200 micrometers, for use in solar wafer manufacturing (described in statistical reporting number 8486.40.0030).
为提升、搬运、装载或卸载厚度不超过200微米的光伏硅片而设计的机器，用于太阳能硅片制造（详见统计报告编号8486.40.0030）。
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